New Jewel Movement

New Joint Endeavor for Welfare, Education, and Liberation
New Joint Endeavor for Welfare, Education, and Liberation
Abbreviation	New JEWEL Movement
Leader	Maurice Bishop
Founded	11 March 1973
Dissolved	29 October 1983
Merger of	Joint Endeavor for Welfare, Education, and Liberation (JEWEL); Organization for Revolutionary Education and Liberation (OREL); Movement for Assemblies of the People (MAP);
Succeeded by	Maurice Bishop Patriotic Movement
Newspaper	The New Jewel
Military wing	People's Revolutionary Army
Ideology	Communism; Marxism–Leninism; Revolutionary socialism; Pan-Africanism;
Political position	Far-left
National affiliation	People's Alliance (1976)
Colours	Red and white; Red, green and gold (Rastafari colours, only occasionally);
Slogan	"Forward ever, backward never!; (French: En avant jambes, en arrière jamais!)
	Politics of Grenada; Political parties; Elections;

The New Joint Endeavor for Welfare, Education, and Liberation, or New JEWEL Movement (NJM), was a Marxist–Leninist vanguard party in the Caribbean island nation of Grenada that was led by Maurice Bishop.

Established in 1973, the NJM issued its manifesto prior to Grenada being granted independence from the United Kingdom in 1974.^[3] The NJM took control of Grenada with a bloodless coup in 1979 and ruled by decree as the People's Revolutionary Government until 1983. In October of that year, Bishop and seven of his associates were killed by paramilitaries affiliated with hard-line elements in his own party. Those elements formed a military government, which was quickly deposed by a U.S. invasion later in October.

^ Schoenhals, Kai P.; Melanson, Richard A. (1985). Revolution and intervention in Grenada: the New Jewel movement, the United States, and the Caribbean. Boulder: Westview press. p. 33. ISBN 0-8133-0225-0. identifying symbol of the NJM revolution appeared everywhere: a white flag containing a red disc.
^ Pool, Gail R. (1994). "Culture, Language and Revolution in Grenada". Anthropologica. JSTOR. p. 89. doi:10.2307/25605753. Retrieved 14 October 2023. Pool mentions an NJM public event where the speaker's platform was painted Rastafari colours red, green and gold: "Since many members of the militia were youths who identified themselves with the Rastafarian movement, it was likely that the PRG [People's Revolutionary Government] was trying to associate the revolution with rasta ideology."
^ "The Manifesto of the New Jewel Movement", The Grenada Revolution Online.